What Is Military Coercion and What Factors Determine Its...

Military coercion strategy has long since existed as a means to enforce a desired set of outcomes, behaviours, or policies. The definition of coercion covers a lot of theoretical ground, including both compellence and deterrence. The successes and failures of military coercion can be seen through the mechanisms of, Destruction, Punishment, and Denial that theorists have argued are part of the methods of coercion. The effectiveness of military coercion may be linked to the credibility, capability and communication of a threat. These factors that determine what military coercion is are highlighted through historical examples, including the Cuban Missile Crises, nuclear warfare, counterinsurgency and the Kosovo air campaign. A clear†¦show more content†¦However, like destruction this process of punishment can be costly as well logistically troubling. Lastly, denial seeks to change an enemy’s will to resist this achieved by reducing their perceived capability for resistance and reducing the enemy’s perceived options to a choice between surrendering now or later. This can be seen through the strategies of counterinsurgency, denial can be seen as a way of manipulating the costs of expanding insurgent activity to new locations. Russia currently uses the idea of denial when considering an approach of isolating centres of any insurgent activity from areas of non-violence, so as to avoid any reprisals of insurgency and convince such groups of an inability to succeed. Needless to say, denial is inherently linked to destruction as both mechanisms seek to make the objectives of any enemy unachievable in some sense and essentially focus on attacking the military resources and infrastructure so as to coerce them into taking an alternative approach or to stop all intentions. Dr K Mueller further argues that coercion stems from the ‘three Cs’ – Credibility, Capability and Communications . These few factors will assist in determining whether military coercion is successful or has failed. According to Mueller a threat will only carry ‘coercive weight to the degree that the adversary believes the coercer will actually carry it out if compliance is not forthcoming.’ Ultimately, theShow MoreRelatedSocietal And Organizational Factors Within The Creation Of A Police Subculture1535 Words   |  7 PagesBoth societal and organizational factors come into play in the creation of a police subculture. The hierarchy structures of law enforcement agencies vary. These variations determine the attitudes and behaviors of the officers working within these locations. Lower level police officers spend the majority of their time investigating crime and fretting over the pitfalls of current crime policy. Overtime, some officers may begin to vi ew members of the public as untrustworthy or even potentially hostileRead MoreMotivations Matter : The Danger Of Overreaching3976 Words   |  16 Pagespotential to cripple entire economies or level entire sectors of commerce. To understand it is necessary to make distinctions between them in each individual case. Failure to do so can result in ill-informed, sweeping assertions that have the potential to be dangerous if left uncorrected. Common explanations argue that the most important factors to consider when trying to understand the nature of sanctions are the power dynamic between the sender and receiver and level of international support, but I argueRead MoreThe Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture2310 Words   |  10 PagesFor the purposes of this paper, I examine leadership as a process that guides both leaders and followers to a common goal, that being a shared culture that binds the members together in a healthy and productive climate. I present several le adership factors that play an important role in shaping a healthy organizational culture. The Role of Leadership in Shaping Organizational Culture One of the most critical roles of a leader is to create and maintain a healthy culture in his or her organizationRead MoreThe Use Of Coercive Diplomacy On American Politics2909 Words   |  12 Pageschange behavior is still military intervention, but non-violent tools of coercive diplomacy are used every day and have more power than ever before. As the strongest tool of coercive diplomacy that we have today they carry more weight than diplomatic pressures and can convey seriousness without resorting to the costly consequences of force. Sanctions are an attractive solution to many cases of discord, but it is important to note that the consequences of economic coercion can be great for both partiesRead MoreEvolution Of The Islamic State8537 Words   |  35 Pagesaround the globe. Led by the enigmatic Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, they have managed to wrest control of large swaths of territory in Iraq and Syria from inept government forces and rival terrorist networks. It stands to ask: how did this happen? To what extent do existing theoretical frameworks on insurgencies explain the evolution of the Islamic State, and how does this compare to similarly structured radical Islamist insurgent groups and political networks? I argue that the rise of ISIS can beRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesTipson 1 CHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional Modes of Conduct 23 CHAPTER 6: The Laws of War and Neutrality 24 CHAPTER 7: War Crimes andRead MoreThe Threat Of Suicide Attacks3552 Words   |  15 Pagesis more secure for the organization as a whole, than any other method. Instead of having to create and intricate escape plan and risk the bomber being captured, the bomber will simply perish with all the information they know. 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In a world of growing interdependence, such advice is counterproductive and could bring on the decline it is supposed to avert; for if the most powerful country fails to lead, the consequencesRead MoreStrategic Management16778 Words   |  68 Pagesorganization’s direction and how to get where it is intended to go, and even provide the bearings of how tro get there with no hassles. History of Strategic Planning Swayne, Duncan and Ginter (2008) trace the concept of strategy back to the military. Thus in the 1950s several authors according to Swayne, Duncan, and Ginter (2008) began to relate strategic management to business. Strategic planning then developed between the 1960s and 1970s as leading companies began practicing and publicizingRead MoreLeadership in the New Millenium Essay3733 Words   |  15 Pagesconduct.† He speaks of businesses at large lacking moral responsibility and caring more about the bottom line instead of what is termed â€Å"the triple bottom line,† which entails the good of all including share holders, employees, customers, suppliers, the community, the environment and the owners of the company themselves. By taking into moral account and responsibility all of these factors will tend to make the business that much more competitive. Leaders have responsibility to lead not just in the corporate

The Benefits of Genetically Modified Crops Essay - 1748 Words

For the last several decades, the world has been plagued by widespread starvation and poverty. Economies are failing in numerous countries, and developing nations struggle to feed their inhabitants. As a result of the world’s mounting overpopulation, food has become scarce and resources are rapidly dwindling. However, modern science has provided a solution: agricultural biotechnology. Genetically engineered crops represent the bright future of agriculture. Crops like cotton, corn, and soybeans can have genes inserted or deleted into their cell membranes; this modification facilitates pest and virus resistance, drought tolerance, and even provides nutritional enhancement. Genetically altered crops produce much higher†¦show more content†¦However, these risks are purely speculative: 81 separate studies costing approximately $65 million have been conducted by the European Commission alone and have shown no evidence of any risk linked to GM foods (1). Indeed, the U.S. has concluded that the risk of GM crops is minimal. As a result, in the U.S., genetically altered crops accounted for 93% of planted soybeans and cotton and 86% of corn in 2009. (2). Considering the success and benefits of GM crops in America, developing countries have followed suit. In 2009, India planted 84,000 square kilometers of genetically modified cotton, and Brazil planted 214,000 square kilometers of GM soybeans, a 26% increase from the year before (3). Like the U.S., these countries conducted a risk-benefit analysis and concluded that the economic, health, and food surplus benefits of GM crops offset the unproven risks (4). Thus, agricultural biotechnology is being implemented in farming techniques throughout the world. One of the biggest advantages of agricultural biotechnology lies in its economic efficiency. GM crops are financially beneficial to both the farmer and the consumer. Due to their resistance to pests, viruses, and adverse climates, genetically al tered crops produce much larger yields than organic or conventional crops. For example, studies show that if no insecticide is used, a GM crop known as Bt maize has a 48% higher yield than non-modified maize varietiesShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Genetically Modified Crops1230 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of GM crops is perhaps one of the most exiting and continually growing aspects of genetic science. It has an interesting history, many and varied applications, well-researched techniques and its own set of issues ripe for debate; this essay will discuss these aspects. Genetically modified crops have been a large part of the agricultural landscape for thousands of years. Ever since wild crops were domesticated by the first farmers domesticated wild varieties of grains and tubers. SimplyRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Crops1144 Words   |  5 Pagesis genetically modified (GM) crops. These are crops that have a specific combination of genetic material that is acquired through certain biotechnological processes or genetic engineering. Many crops have been subject to these genetic modifications such as: alfalfa, cotton, flax, rice, tobacco, tomatoes, and wheat. Many people are on various sides of the spectrum of being for the alteration of these crops or strongly against it. Personally, I am against the use of genetically modified crops becauseRead MoreThe Benefits of Genetically Modified Crops1191 Words   |  5 PagesAbout 90% of planted areas of soybeans in the United States are genetically modified strains. Genetic engineering is very important to modern society because of the world’s expanding population and with the arising need of food; it provides an adequate source. Genetic engineering may have both advantages and disadvantages, but the future of mankind may be affected greatly if it is allowed to prosper as a modern science. Several main arguments that many people have about genetic engineering are theRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Crops Essay1871 Words   |  8 PagesGenetically modified crops have certain obvious economic and health advantages. The greatest of which is that these foods are the world’s best chance at ending or greatly reducing world hunger and malnutrition through greater yields. Critics, however, be lieve that these crops can cause evolutionary havoc via cross pollination. A potentially more serious criticism does not concern the effects on the developed populations, which can protect itself from the adverse effects, but on low-middle incomeRead MoreBenefits Of Genetically Modified Crops2392 Words   |  10 PagesGenetically Modified Crops Genetically modified crops are an incredibly important issue that everyone should be aware of since it is something we are exposed to at a daily basis. Genetically modified crops also known as GM crops or Biotech crops has been one of the most heated debates of issues within our society. The debate about the safety, concerns and disadvantages of GM crops have raged since the mid 1990 s but this is due to the lack of knowledge of the general public. Many people are unawareRead MoreCommercialization of Genetically Modified Foods Essay1297 Words   |  6 PagesCommercialization of Genetically Modified Foods Following a for year investigation into the effects of genetically modified crops on the environment, it was found that 2 out of 3 types of genetically modified crops tested were more harmful to the environment. Plus, the only genetically modified crop to be less harmful to the environment was compared to crops that were sprayed with the now illegal herbicide, atrazine. So many experts have dismissed those results untilRead MoreTo An Anthropologist, Food Is The Basis To Social, Cultural1181 Words   |  5 Pagesagricultural land we have had to switch our approach to food production. Genetically modified or engineered food has become a heated topic in the media for the past few years as there is not a clear decision on whether their benefits outweigh their concerns. Genetically modified food is a grey area to discuss as there are strong opinions surrounding which tend to be very biased. The difference between genetically modified food and genetically engineered food isn’t explained and the terms tend to be used interchangeably-Read MoreGenetically Modified Foods : Harmful Or Helpful?1199 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst genetically modified foods because they believe that these foods are associated with many health problems. Sixty percent of people in the United States do not realize that they have ever eaten a genetically modified food. These foods are all around us and constantly being improved by scientists. Genetically modified foods are really good for the world’s population. First of all, genetically modified foods have been around for centuries. Gregor Mendel had the first genetically modified food whenRead MoreThe Effects Of Genetic Modification On The Environment And The Human Race1475 Words   |  6 Pagesthe genetic modification of crops, genetic modification also poses an opportunity to lower the price of crops and increase production, which could help solve world hunger. While it may seem like negative effects would be outweighed by the possibility of solving world hunger, an important issue, the conceivably detrimental effects on the health of the environment and the human race would outweigh the humanitarian goal of stopping world hunger. Genetic modification of crops is not the only possible solutionRead MoreGenetically Modified Crops1056 Words   |  5 Pagesmany countries. If these countries were to embrace genetically modified crops, the citizens would have much better lives. According to Osakabe, Yuriko, Kajita, and Osakabe, in their ar ticle â€Å"Genetic Engineering Of Woody Plants: Current And Future Targets In A Stressful Environment†, genetic engineering in plants is better than traditional breeding methods because â€Å"†¦they bypass the long generation for breeding†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (106). Genetically modified crops have been given the best genes for survival, quickly

Effectiveness of Brand Strategies

Question: Discuss about theEffectiveness of Brand Strategies. Answer: Bondi Junctions at Westfield Shopping Centres Brand Identity Activities with Promotional Materials. Bondi Junction Medical Practice at Westfield Shopping Centre has created its brand identity by providing exclusive services. Its clinical services are advertised through hoardings, banners and posters. In order to create brand awareness it keeps some of the best doctors in its clinics. It also offers some of the best pathological tests services through its clinic. It mostly markets its brand through word of mouth advertisement. The brand Portray imagery for the brand by offering the best medical services at cost effective rates. It also offers discounts on certain tests at certain points in time, they are also opting for bulk billing for children and pensioners for providing better services. In order to Build resonance for the brand, it has recently included in its team Dr Heidi Howard Griffin, who has immense experience in the field. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Such Strategies A medical practice base generally makes use of these types of strategies similar to Bondi Junction. These strategies are highly effective in attracting suitable number of customers to the brand. Especially the medical practioner present with the brand enables them to highly attract suitable number of customers. The clinic is focused in treating health effectively rather than treating illness only. Westfields Brand Identity and its Fit with Retailers Brand Identities. Retailers Identity that do not Fit. Westfield has a brand identity is synonymous with high quality shopping experience. The center has an attractive location with presence of multiple brands in the store. The store caters to high level income customer segment who are geographically located near to the complex. The brand identity of the store matches with that of the retailers as they offer their products according to the product disposition present in the stores overall. All brands present at the store locations fits the retailers brand identity. Recommendations to Westfield Management Westfield management in order to further enhance their brand identity needs to add several more stores that can cater to a wider range of customers. Costs competitive products will be able to attract more customers, especially those who refrain from shopping at the store location and identifies the retailer brand identity to be high-ended.

Whitman 1855 Essays - Brooklyn Eagle, Mystics, Walt Whitman

Whitman 1855 What was Walt doing at this time? Late in 1854, Whitman was working in carpentry. He is assumed to have started his writings for what would later be known, and published as Leaves of Grass in late 1854 or early 1855. One of his brothers once commented that Walt would get an idea while working, write it down, then take the rest of the day off. How did Walt get his book published? Allen contends that Walt probably sought out a commercial publisher to take his book at first, though there is no mention or proof of this. However, Whitman took his book to the Rome brothers, James and Thomas, who had a printing shop on the corner of Fulton and Cranberry. These two men were friends of Walt. They let Walt supervise their work and even help in the setting of some of the type. Whitman is thought to have set about ten pages. However, the frontispiece and probably the binding had to be done somewhere else. Some think that the book went on sale on July 4, but it isn't probable that any book stores were open on that day. However, an advertisement appeared in The New York Tribune on July 6 for the book. How did Walt come up with the money for the books? We can't answer this for sure, but one fact may shed some light on the subject: The Whitman's bought a house on May 24, 1855, on Ryerson Street. Mrs. Whitman was given legal permission to sign the papers because her husband was ill. The house was purchased for $1,840. Therefore, it is a possibility that Walt got money from his mother. How did Walt advertise the book? The two bookstores that advertised the book in The New York Tribune were: Swayne, No. 210 Fulton St., Brooklyn, and Fowler and Wells, No. 308 Broadway, NY. However, four days later, Swayne withdrew from the advertisement. Fowler and Wells ran it for the entire month. What of the book? How did it come about? What about that picture? Those who looked at the book were confronted with a steel engraved frontispiece portrait of Whitman. He was wearing work jeans, shirt with unbuttoned collar, and a felt hat cocked to an outrageous angle. This picture was originally a daguerreotype taken in July of the previous year by Gabriel Harrison, a friend of Whitman's. Whitman placed the order for the engraving with Macrae in NY, but Macrae didn't have the knowledge or resources for a stipple print, so the order was given to Hollyer, a stipple expert. Years later, Hollyer sent a publisher, Herbert Small, a letter in which Hollyer described a chance meeting with Whitman soon after the engraving was finished. Hollyer met up with Whitman at a restaurant and talked to him about the portrait, asking him what he thought. Whitman said he liked it but would like to have some alterations made. The next morning, Whitman brought the plate in to Hollyer and told him what he wanted. Hollyer made the alterations quickly, with professional attention. A couple days later, Whitman walked into Hollyer's office with freshly printed volumes of Leaves of Grass and presented Hollyer with the first copy issued. How did the book itself come across to the American public? There was no author's name on the book, or on the title page, just his portrait. But, if one looked closely enough, Walter Whitman held the copyright. The book was printed in an odd style. There were no titles to the poems, and the print ran clear across the page, making the book awkward to anyone in 1855, as this was not the style in which books were printed. Whitman had about a thousand copies printed, but not all were bound. An estimated two or three hundred were bound in cloth, and some were bound in paper covers, being sold by Fowler and Wells several months after the original advertisement at the lower price of seventy five cents. It is estimated that only a couple dozen people bought the book. How did Whitman take the sales, or lack of sales? Whitman made a statement later in the year, in a moment of self advertisement, that the book "readily sold," but later, in his old age, he stated that not a single copy was bought and that he himself kept only one copy. More probable is that the extra copies, after having been on the shelves for some time, were given away as gifts by both